Toxicology and Preclinical Testing (Animal Models) Today, I would like to share with you the story of another individual who made a remarkable contribution to the history of drug development. The person who laid the basis for modern preclinical animal model tox evaluations was Johann Wepfer (1620–1695).  A Swiss Pioneer of Toxicology and Preclinical Testing (Animal Models).  Long before modern drug development, Wepfer made groundbreaking strides in toxicological analysis. He is best known for his…

Dose Makes The Poison Today I’d like to tell you about a Swiss gentleman named Paracelsus.  Often called the “father” of modern toxicology and pharmacology, Paracelsus was the first to articulate a principle that still underpins toxicology today: “The dose makes the poison.” He argued that no substance is inherently toxic; it all depends on how much of it you take. Even substances we consider harmful can be beneficial in tiny amounts. Paracelsus famously used…

Oldest Pharmacy Florence is world-renowned for its rich cultural heritage, home to Renaissance art, grand architecture, and literary giants like Dante Alighieri. Yet, tucked away in this treasure-filled city lies a lesser-known marvel: the oldest functioning pharmacy in the world. The Santa Maria Novella Pharmacy was founded in 1221 by a Dominican monk who began cultivating herbs to create medicinal balms, tinctures, and perfumes for their monastery and local patients. Officially opened to the public…